نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال نوزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 39، بهار 1401)

Adopting a comparative-historical approach, this study examines the impact of Waqf institution on development in Mashhad and the factors that weaken or strengthen this impact in the three historical periods of Timurid, Safavid and Pahlavi. In the theoretical framework, while referring to the theories of functionalism and structuralism, by using the new institutionalist in economic sociology approach, a three-level causal model is presented to examine the factors that weaken or strengthen the impact of waqf institution on development. This model was tested by using narrative analysis, Mills Methods of agreement and dispute at two levels within the case and between the cases. The results indicate that strengthening or weakening the impact of waqf institution on development in Mashhad in the studied periods depend on the institutional environment of waqf, the performance of endowment trustees and endowment trustee organizations in maintaining and developing endowments and intentions and motivations of waqifs. In the Timurid and Safavid periods, due to the existence of an institutional environment supporting waqf, the effective performance of waqf trustees and organizations and strengthening the spiritual motivations of waqifs and further influencing their intentions, the impact of waqf institution on development of Mashhad has also been strengthened, whereas, in the Pahlavi period, due to the lack of an institutional environment supporting the endowment, malfunction of endowment trustees and endowment trustee organizations and weakening the spiritual motivations of the waqifs and reducing the effectiveness of their intentions, this effect has been weakened.

The unprecedented increase in the unemployment rate among university graduates on the one hand and the government's inability to hire them on the other hand, indicate that entrepreneurship should be taken into consideration more seriously. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to investigate the impacts of entrepreneurial spirit on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities identified in social sciences. This research was carried out using a mixed method. Using in-depth interviews with professors and experts of social sciences, 16 entrepreneurial opportunities in social sciences were identified, which, contrary to public opinion, a range of jobs and employment opportunities exist in social sciences and mainly non-governmental sectors that have the ability to become official jobs with the support of the Sociological Association and consultation with the government. Then, a quantitative phase was started in the form of a survey method. The statistical population of the research was determined by sociology PhD students across the country and 121 of them were randomly selected. The research tool is a combination of standard scales and a researcher-made questionnaire, which were determined using construct validity, validity and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha method. The findings of the research show that the entrepreneurial spirit with a coefficient of 0.30 and its dimensions including success-seeking, internal control, risk-taking, creativity and uncertainty tolerance has a significant and positive impact on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. As a result, by identifying work and entrepreneurship opportunities in academic fields and strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit of students as one of the effective factors in exploiting opportunities, it is possible to provide the motivation and necessary conditions for students to get a job.

Becoming a mother has always been one of the main roles of women in Iranian society. In recent decades, however, due to changes in attitudes and increasing options for women's advancement, including education and employment and opportunities for more social presence of women, the maternal experience has changed for some women. Becoming a mother is no longer a mandatory and full-time role for women. They can choose alternative social roles. The purpose of this study was to analyze the maternal experience of women and their policies in playing the role of motherr among women working in senior positions in Iranian Ministry of Petroleum. In order to achieve the goals, a qualitative method with a descriptive phenomenological approach was used. In-depth interview data collection technique and purposeful sampling method were used. A sample of 30 women of 40-55 years old participated in this study. Content analysis was used for analysis of data. The results of the study fall into six categories and 16 subcategories including motherhood as the most important source of identity, maternal choice, redefining motherhood, pregnancy experience as a completely feminine experience, separation from the child and reappearance at work, feeling complete, feeling deprived of maternal pleasure, benefiting from the support of spouse and mother, combining maternal duties with work and paid work, interaction with children from the work environment, interaction and dialogue with the work environment, maximum stress tolerance. It can be concluded that the concept of motherhood has been redefined according to its social situations and cultural changes. In this process, working women face the costs of childbearing and job-maternal role conflicts due to the weakness of family-friendly programs.

Tendency to drugs among young people is considered one of the harms and social problems in all countries, including Afghanistan. According to the general condition of Afghan society and especially the unsuitable economic, cultural, recreational conditions in Kabul City, young people are more exposed to drug addiction than other age groups. The purpose of this study is to determine the effective social factors of the tendency to use drugs among the youth of Kabul City. This study was done through explanatory, descriptive, analytical and survey methods. The statistical population of this study was the young people between 18 and 35 in Kabul City who are users of social networks and the Internet. A total of 251 questionnaires were completed from among the statistical community. The result of this study showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between not having facilitating opportunities for free time, feeling insecure, having bad/harmful friends, abnormality and normalization of drug use in Kabul City and family problems. Also, income, employment and literacy are influential in the tendency of young people to drugs. However, age, marital status, household size, residential status, addiction of a family member had no significant relationship with drug tendency. Therefore, it was concluded that drug tendency has been influenced by various social factors. Public and private institutions and organizations can reduce the tendency to use drugs among young people by facilitating and providing education, awareness, recreation-entertainment, employment and reducing insecurity factors.

An important function of education is the socialization of students, which has been done in the school environment before the Covid-19 pandemics, but with the spread of the virus and the emergence of virtual learning, the socialization of students faced challenges. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the challenges of students' socialization during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is a qualitative study using thematic analysis approach which was conducted in December 2021 in public schools of Tabas city, southern Khorasan province, Iran. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling. Semi-structured interviews werd done with 14 parents, 16 students and 6 teachers. The findings of the research showed that the authority of the school in the issue of socialization has reached the minimum possible. Meanwhile, due to the virtual learning, the media has become the main tool of socialization. The constructed themes related to the issue of socialization are: the informalization of education rituals, the reduction of teacher's authority, the harms of virtual space, the weakness of supervision and multifaceted conflicts. The conceptual model shows unintended deschooling in the issue of socialization. Paying attention to the post-Corona era and related educational changes is a serious policy-making necessity of the relevant ministry. Cultivating the correct use of virtual space, removing software limitations and developing educational software to facilitate the educational process, along with updating teachers' media literacy and developing their professional ethics, are the priorities of education in order to maintain the authority of teachers and promotion of students socialization.

Surviving the current conditions of severe environmental changes is achievable through expanding organizational resilience, which has a significant role in the organizational performance improvement. This study aimed to identify dimensions and criteria of performance in organizational level, using organizational resilience approach and the theory of strategic reference points for Khorasan Regional Electricity Company. Accordingly, thematic analysis method was used. The sample of the research encompasses 13 experts using purposive sampling. Data gathering tool was semi-structured interview, continued to theoretical saturation. According to findings, dimensions and criteria of performance with organizational resilience approach were identified in 9 dimensions and 30 criteria. They involve communication with stakeholders dimension including “interaction with Tavanir and Iran Grid Management companies (IGMC), Electric Energy Generation and Distribution companies, contractors and suppliers, subscribers, provincial organizations and institutions”, the dimension of human, technical and financial resources capabilities including “employee motivation, staff development and empowerment, acceptance of change, technical and financial resources capacity”, leadership and management dimension including “management competency, support and commitment of senior managers, leadership style and management methods”, adaptability dimension including “risk, crisis and security management”, infrastructure and technological capacity dimension including “infrastructure, information technology”, organizational capital readiness dimension including “organizational processes, organizational culture, administrative health, organizational structure”, innovation dimension including “creativity and absorption of innovation capacity, applying innovation”, knowledge capabilities dimension including “knowledge creation and acquisition, knowledge sharing, knowledge retention” and finally, the strategic approach dimension including “systems approach, scenario planning, long-term planning, environmental monitoring and analysis” which were categorized by experts based on two strategic reference points including inner-outer consideration focus as well as outcome-process control.

The increasing use of social networks by teenagers on the one hand and the increasing growth of cultural diversity and as a result of this, and the development of ethnic and cultural empathy in the cyberspace on the other hand have developed behavioral challenges such as bullying in this space. It is important to know to what extent bullying is due to personality or it is affected by the sympathetic atmosphere. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of ethno-cultural empathy on cyberbullying with the moderating role of personality traits among teenagers. The method of the present research is correlation. The statistical population of this research included all the girls' students of secondary level of high school in Isfahan city in the school year of 2020-2021. Due to the unknown number of cyberspace users, 380 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's unknown community formula and convenience sampling. Data were collected through Wang et al.'s (2003) Standard Ethnic Cultural Empathy Questionnaire, Menesini, Nocentini, and Calussi’ (2011) Cyberbullying Questionnaire, and McCray and Costa’s (1985) Short Form of Personality Traits. Data validity was confirmed through face and content validity; Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to confirm reliability. Inferential level analysis of data was done using structural equation modeling using AMOS software. The results of the analysis showed that ethnic and cultural empathy reduces cyberbullying. Neuroticism and extraversion increase cyberbullying while other traits such as flexibility, conscientiousness, and pleasantness continue to have a negative effect. Generally, cultural-ethnic empathy has a greater effect on reducing bullying, but this effect diminishes with the moderating role of personality traits.

Choosing the right wife is most significant decision that impacts all other issues of life. Considering the significance of marriage, the consistency, and strength of family, this study was done to explore the relationship between spouse choosing criteria and positive feelings towards spouse, considering the mediating role of senses of unity and flexibility of family. All teachers of Zahedan consisted the statistical population of the descriptive-analytical study. The sample included 258 people, using multi-stage cluster method and Cochran's formula. A questionnaire on prioritizing the criteria for choosing spouse, feeling positive towards the spouse, and feeling unity and flexibility of family was used to collect data. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling were applied for analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses. The results showed that family unity with a coefficient of -0.241 and flexibility of family with a coefficient of -0.203 have mediating role among choosing spouse and positive feelings towards spouse criteria (p<0.05). As the predictive coefficients are more than 0.5, the model has a high predictive power; therefore, the results of the correlation analysis confirm the positive and significant correlation between choosing spouse criteria and positive feeling towards the spouse, with the mediating role of the sense of unity and flexibility of family.